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Charles Edward Mark Hansel (12 October 1917 – 28 March 2011) was a British psychologist most notable for his criticism of parapsychologyical studies.〔()〕 ==Biography== Hansel was born in 1917 in Bedford, England. He attended Bedford School and the University of Cambridge, earned an MA and joined the faculty at the University of Manchester as a lecturer in psychology in 1949.〔(Biography for C. E. M. Hansel )〕 He was an emeritus professor of psychology at Swansea University.〔The Skeptical Inquirer. (1985). Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. p. 102〕 His book ''ESP: A Scientific Evaluation'' (1966), revised (1980, 1989) evaluated the claims of parapsychology. Hansel argued that the possibility of fraud had not been ruled out and the experiments were poorly designed.〔("British Research into Parapsychology" ). (1963). ''New Scientist''. p. 172〕 In the book he debunked many of the parapsychological experiments into ESP, clairvoyance, precognition and psychokinesis as being based on error, misinterpretation and fraud. Hansel did not rule out the possibility of ESP but concluded there is no scientific evidence for it.〔("ESP: A Scientific Evaluation" ). ''Kirkus Reviews''.〕 Hansel had originally suspected that Samuel Soal's ESP data was fraudulent. Parapsychologists refused to accept this charge, but Hansel was later proven correct.〔Kurtz, Paul. (2001). ''Skepticism and Humanism: The New Paradigm''. p. 51. ISBN 0-7658-0051-9 "His book, ''ESP: A Scientific Evaluation'' was very influential in setting forth the skeptic's case against Soal, Rhine, and others. It was only in 1978, however, that Betty Markwick definitively showed that S. G. Soal had cheated in the Soal-Goldney tests and that random-number grading sheets, which he brought to the experiment and took back, were doctored. This scandal in parapsychology led to many people abandoning the field and becoming skeptics."〕〔Gardner, Martin. (2009). ''When You Were a Tadpole and I Was a Fish: And Other Speculations About This and That''. Hill and Wang. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-374-53241-3 "In spite of numerous accusations of fraud by C. E. M. Hansel and other skeptics, leading parapsychologists refused to believe the charges until Betty Markwick published her sensational findings in the Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research."〕 Hansel was a fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「C. E. M. Hansel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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